______ ______ is a way that healthcare attempts to assure itself self-rule for patients.

• A. Autonomy
• B. Informed consent
• C. Self-determination
• D. Consent

Answer: (B)

Informed consent is the mechanism by which healthcare translates respect for patient autonomy into practice. It ensures that patients are given clear information about what is proposed, including risks, benefits, and alternatives, so they can understand what may happen. It also requires that the decision to proceed is voluntary and made by someone who has the capacity to decide. By obtaining consent only after adequate information and understanding, the healthcare system supports the patient’s right to self-rule over their own body and medical choices. Autonomy describes that right itself, but informed consent is the concrete process that protects and enacts it. Self-determination is a closely related idea, but in this clinical sense, the essential mechanism is providing information and obtaining voluntary agreement. Consent, on its own, can occur without necessary information or understanding, so it doesn’t guarantee true autonomous decision-making.